阿尔•施密特, 费城的共和党城市专员, 似乎不太可能成为2020年大选的避雷针. 他是三个孩子的父亲, 当地媒体形容他是一位“戴眼镜”的官僚, 三名委员中是否有一人负责监督香港的选举事务. footnote1_8cut6qc 1 马克斯·马林, “共和党反叛者”艾尔·施密特如何成为2020年费城大选的代言人——以及特朗普的克星,” 比利宾, 2020年12月1日, http://billypenn.com/2020/12/01/al-schmidt-death-threats-trump-philadelphia-election-zero-fraud-republican-commissioner. 长达数十年的共和党, 他为自己让费城的选举过程变得透明而自豪. footnote2_sg9b2l4 2 Marin,“共和党反叛者”阿尔•施密特.”
针对施密特和他的选举委员会同事的威胁在选举日之前就开始了, 11月3日, 2020. 大约一周前, 有人留下了一条不祥的电话留言,称董事会成员是“我们有第二修正案的原因”.” footnote3_qum6676 3 阿尔·施密特(市专员, 费城, PA), “选举官员遭到攻击,布伦南司法中心(以下简称布伦南中心), 2021年6月16日. 后不久,, police arrested two men in 费城 “after receiving an FBI tip that they were making threats against the Pennsylvania Convention Center,“那里正在清点选票. 这些人携带着“两支上膛的半自动贝雷塔手枪”, 一把半自动ar -15步枪, 和弹药"在逮捕的时候. footnote4_59x5y41 4 米格尔Martinez-Valle, “警方接到会议中心威胁的消息后,两人持枪被捕,NBC 10费城, 11月6日, 2020, http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/two-arrested-after-police-get-tip-of-convention-center-threat/2587411. 这两人被释放,随后参加了1月6日的国会集会. 两名男子在费城会议中心附近被捕,参加国会集会后被送回监狱,Fox 29费城电视台, 1月26日, 2021, http://www.fox29.com/news/2-men-sent-back-to-jail-after-capitol-rally-attendance-1.
在宾夕法尼亚被选为乔·拜登之后, 施密特出现在媒体上为选举的公正性辩护. 唐纳德·特朗普总统和他的竞选团队召集了施密特和他的工作人员. 跟踪者追踪到了施密特和一名员工的手机号码, 他是犹太人, “点燃 . . . 一波威胁性的、通常是反犹太人的攻击.” footnote5_3um3ezi 5 Marin,“共和党反叛者”阿尔•施密特.”
施密特和他的家人收到了死亡威胁. 一条提到他妻子和孩子的短信写道,“你撒谎了. 你一个叛徒. 也许75刀和20发子弹很快就会到.” footnote6_adriyzx 6 詹姆斯·维里尼说:“他想要计算费城的每一张选票. 他的党有其他想法。” 纽约时报, 2021年1月16日, http://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/magazine/trump-election-philadelphia-republican.html. 第二天早上,他的妻子通过电子邮件收到了以下威胁:“阿尔伯特·里诺·施密特将被击毙,和“HEADS ON SPIKES”. 叛逆的施密特.” footnote7_5sq9r8u 7 “他想要清点每一张选票.” 一个24小时的安保人员一直守在施密特和他父母家,直到2021年. footnote8_ohp0ydl 8 阿尔·施密特(市专员, 费城, PA), 选举官员遭到攻击, 布伦南中心, 2021年6月16日. 为了他们的安全,他的妻子和孩子在选举后离开了他们的家. footnote9_q23f258 9 “他想要清点每一张选票.”
艾尔·施密特并不是一个例外. 去年,全国各地的选举官员都受到了攻击. 我早就习惯了躲在幕后, 他们现在发现自己被塑造成恶棍, 将一些政客和选民不喜欢的选举结果作为替罪羊.
The most troubling and impactful villainization of election officials in the last year has come from some of America’s political leaders. Many have pointed to President Trump’s attempt to delegitimize the 2020 election results as “rigged” — and the “Stop the Steal” movement he inspired — as the reason for targeting election officials. 但威尼斯真人远不止一个人那么简单.
在几个州, party leaders have censured and replaced officials who insisted on telling the truth about the security and accuracy of the election. footnote10_nle6ofq 10 Riley Snyder,内华达州共和党投票谴责SOS Cegavske选民欺诈指控 内华达独立2021年4月10日, http://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-republicans-vote-to-censure-sos-cegavske-over-voter-fraud-allegations?twitter utm_source =&utm_medium =社会&utm_campaign =罗普; and Beth LeBlanc and Craig Mauger, 密歇根州共和党人寻求取代负责选举的共和党拉票员,” 底特律新闻2021年1月18日, http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/18/michigan-republicans-seek-replace-canvasser-who-certified-election/4202195001. Legislators have introduced bills that would impose criminal penalties on election officials and workers for taking steps like proactively sending mail ballot applications to voters or, 在某些情况下, 在推特或脸谱网等社交媒体平台上购买有关即将到来的选举的广告. footnote11_idxk4wf 11 S.B. 413年,89代. Assemb.,注册. 捐. (Iowa 2021)(制定) (imposing criminal penalties on election officials for proactively sending mail ballot applications to voters); and S.B. 0305年,第101条腿.,注册. 捐. (密歇根州. 2021) (imposing criminal penalties on election officials for 在推特或脸谱网等社交媒体平台上购买有关即将到来的选举的广告). 其他已经提出的对选举官员施加刑事和民事处罚的法案包括S.B. 7日,第87条腿.,注册. 捐. (特克斯. 2021) (making it a felony to give a ballot application to a voter who did not ask for one); H.B. 335年,第87条腿. (特克斯. 2021) (creating civil and criminal penalties for election officials who knowingly fail to cancel a noncitizen’s voter registration immediately upon receipt); and H.B. 2792年,第55条腿.,注册. 捐. (亚利桑那州. (规定向所有登记选民寄送选票为犯罪行为,最高可判处两年半监禁). 一般见劳伦斯·诺登, “保护美国民主不是犯罪:新法律可能使选举官员成为法律威尼斯真人,” 外交事务2021年4月7日, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-04-07/protecting-american-democracy-no-crime; Protect Democracy, Law Forward, and the States United Democracy Center, 民主危机正在形成:国家立法机构如何政治化, 一个不争的, 干涉选举管理, 2021年4月22日3-4日, http://protectdemocracy.org/update/protect-democracy-releases-report-on-election-interference-schemes-by-state-legislators; and Nathaniel Rakich, 不仅仅是乔治亚州,还有十几个州也在试图从地方选举官员手中夺走权力,” FiveThirtyEight, 4月. 13, 2021, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/its-not-just-georgia-more-than-a-dozen-other-states-are-trying-to-take-power-away-from-local-election-officials. 最后, 最令人不安的是,这将影响我们民主的未来, 全国的州立法机构已经采取措施剥夺选举官员的竞选权力, 数, 和证明选举, 在不受党派或政治干涉的进程中巩固自己的权力. footnote12_tk8fr5r 12 A new Georgia law replaces the elected secretary of 状态 as chair of the State Election Board with a chairperson appointed by the General Assembly and gives this reconstituted State Election Board the authority to suspend local election officials and appoint temporary replacements. S.B. 202年,156代. Assemb.,注册. 捐. (Ga. 2021)(制定). A new Arkansas law that the governor refused to sign because it amounted to “a takeover in the review of all elections” creates a process that allows the 状态 legislature to directly review election law complaints, and another new law requires that election complaints made to 数y election boards be sent to the State Board of Election Commissioners instead of 数y clerks or local prosecutors. 雷切尔·赫尔佐格《威尼斯真人》 阿肯色州民主党公报》2021年5月9日, http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/may/09/session-rolls-out-array-of-vote-laws. Kansas passed a law over the governor’s veto that prohibits the executive branch or courts from altering election laws and requires approval from the Legislative Coordinating Council prior to the secretary of 状态 entering into consent decrees with any court. H.B. 2332, 2021腿,Reg. 捐. (菅直人. 2021)(制定). Montana similarly passed a law that prevents the governor from changing election laws in an emergency without legislative approval. H.B. 429年,第67条腿.,注册. 捐. (蒙特. 2021)(制定). 看到一般Rakich, “It’s Not Just Georgia”; Katie Bernard, 尽管州长劳拉·凯利否决了,堪萨斯选举规则的修改还是成为了法律,” 堪萨斯城星报》2021年5月3日, http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article251135959.html; and Nathaniel Rakich and Elena Mejia, “Where Republicans Have Made It Harder to Vote (So Far),” FiveThirtyEight2021年5月11日, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/republicans-have-made-it-harder-to-vote-in-11-states-so-far.
所有这些都是对美国民主的致命威胁, 如果没有能够自由公正地管理选举的公务员,就无法生存. 我们必须确保他们不仅感到安全,而且对他们的重要努力表示支持和赞赏.
可以做什么?
在过去的几个月里, 布伦南司法中心, 两党政策中心, 哈佛大学肯尼迪学院(Harvard Kennedy School)的阿什民主治理与创新中心(Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation)探讨了这个威尼斯真人, 采访并主持与近30名选举官员和30多名民主专家的谈话, 选举管理及科技, 网络安全, 虚假信息, 国际选举, 行为科学, 和刑事诉讼程序. 我们确定了四个相互重叠的关切领域,它们威胁着美国选举管理的完整性. Each one represents a separate section of this report: violent threats against election workers and their families; 虚假信息 about election administration; partisan and political interference; and challenges to keeping and recruiting talented workers committed to fairness in elections.
我们在本报告中总结了一些最重要的调查结果和建议如下:
结论1:针对选举工作人员的暴力威胁在2020年达到了令人担忧的水平,并将在2021年继续.
A survey of election officials commissioned by the 布伦南中心 and conducted by 纳森战略集团 this spring found that one in three election officials feel unsafe because of their job, 近五分之一的人将生命威胁列为与工作相关的担忧. footnote13_on6zsxj 13 纳森战略集团, 布伦南司法中心:地方选举官方调查,”4月7日, 2021, http://www.fannyleung.com/our-work/research-reports/local-election-officials-survey.
关键的威尼斯真人:
- 司法部(DOJ)应该创建一个选举威胁工作组与联邦政府合作, 状态, 和当地合作伙伴优先确定, 调查, 并威胁选举官员和工作人员.
- 各州应该通过新的法律和适当的资金,为选举官员和工作人员提供更大的人身安全保障. 这些措施应包括为个人身份信息提供更大的保护, 用于购买家庭入侵检测系统的拨款, 以及与加强个人安全相关的培训和教育资金.
- 各国应优先执行程序,以协调迅速调查和, 在适当的地方, 起诉那些威胁选举工作人员的人.
发现2:虚假信息使得选举官员的工作更加困难和危险.
In 2020, 政治人物夸大了有关选举过程的谎言,试图影响选举结果, 经常在社交媒体上. 这种虚假信息不可磨灭地改变了选举官员的生活和职业生涯. 事实上, 在布伦南中心的调查中,78%的选举官员表示,社交媒体, 澳门威尼斯真人地址选举的错误和虚假信息在哪里生根并传播, has made their job more difficult; 54 percent said they believe that it has made their jobs more dangerous. 互联网和媒体公司有大量工作要做,以阻止虚假信息的放大. 在这里, 我们列出了几个关键步骤, 还有联邦和州政府, 能在这场斗争中赋予选举官员权力吗.
关键的威尼斯真人:
- 国土安全部网络安全和基础设施安全局(CISA), 与包括美国在内的其他国家合作.S. 选举基金会, 选举基础设施信息共享与分析中心(EI-ISAC), 选举协助委员会(选管会), 而州和国家选举官员协会——应创建一个便利目录8个以上,000名选举官员,他们是他们管理的选举的权威来源. 互联网公司应该与这些组织的官员合作,纠正错误,更好地确保内容的准确性.
- 各国应明确管理由政党任命的监督人员的规则,并要求培训和问责制. In 2020, 一些党任命的监察员曾担任过观察员, 在, 在选举日之后成为了虚假信息的来源, 有时无意中.
- 互联网公司-即, social media platforms and search engines — should develop and consistently apply transparent rules that respond to the problem of repeat mis- and 虚假信息 spreaders, 包括著名的用户. 在严重的情况下, 平台应该自动延迟发布帖子, 在无数用户有机会看到它们之前,提供时间对它们进行评论.
发现3:选举官员面临越来越大的压力,要将党派利益置于公平之上, 民主进程.
The notorious recorded phone call 在 which President Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to “find 11,780票 . . . because we won the 状态” is only the most well-known and most flagrant effort to pressure an election official in 2020 to prioritize partisan interests over a fair 民主进程. 在我们与选举官员的讨论中, many shared their own stories of partisan actors attempting to interfere with the conduct of the election or pressure them to favor candidates of a particular party.
关键的威尼斯真人:
- 各国应探讨对选举管理进行结构性改革,使选举官员免受政治干预, including changes that establish a protected scope of authority for election officials over数ing and certifying elections and guarantee a minimum level of funding. 这些改变可能需要公民发起的投票倡议.
- Election officials should develop a robust code of ethics to help guide discretionary decision-making and avoid potential conflicts of interest.
- States should ensure that election officials have adequate legal representation to defend against politically motivated lawsuits and investigations, and election official associations should cultivate and organize pro bono legal assistance to the extent that 状态s fail to do so.
发现4:尽管它们对我们的民主制度至关重要, 与其他专业人员相比,地方选举官员承担着难以承受的工作量.
过去一年里,大量选举官员辞职,敲响了警钟. footnote14_02bpndh 14 Fredreka Schouten和Kelly Mena, “高调的选举官员在动荡的2020年离职,“CNN, 2月19日, 2021, http://www.美国有线电视Press网.com/2021/02/19/politics/election-officials-lose-and-leave-jobs/index.html. 但这股离开的浪潮可能很快就会演变成一场海啸. 截至2020年,近35%的地方选举官员有资格在2024年选举前退休, 目前还不清楚谁将取代他们, nor whether those willing to take the job in the future will share the commitment to free and fair elections that was so critical in 2020. footnote15_mbflg6q 15 格朗克, 保罗·曼森, 和希瑟河, “了解今日地方选举官员的职业历程及预测明日可能出现的人才短缺。,“民主基金, 4月20日, 2021, http://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage. 而选举官员列举了许多退出竞选的原因, 在我们的采访中,不可持续的工作量反复出现.
关键的威尼斯真人:
- 州和地方选举官员应该采取创造性的人员配备威尼斯真人, 包括与学院和大学建立关系, 减轻工作负担,为未来的招聘创造一个人才库.
- 国家立法者应该合并选举,使其同时进行,而不是全年重复.
- Local election officials should use existing professional networks (such as 状态 and national election official associations) to improve working conditions and to better empower election officials to impact election policy. 他们还应该雇佣员工与这些网络协调,并把重点放在教育上, 游说, 和通信.
最后指出
-
footnote1_8cut6qc
1
马克斯·马林, “共和党反叛者”艾尔·施密特如何成为2020年费城大选的代言人——以及特朗普的克星,” 比利宾, 2020年12月1日, http://billypenn.com/2020/12/01/al-schmidt-death-threats-trump-philadelphia-election-zero-fraud-republican-commissioner. -
footnote2_sg9b2l4
2
Marin,“共和党反叛者”阿尔•施密特.” -
footnote3_qum6676
3
阿尔·施密特(市专员, 费城, PA), “选举官员遭到攻击,布伦南司法中心(以下简称布伦南中心), 2021年6月16日. -
footnote4_59x5y41
4
米格尔Martinez-Valle, “警方接到会议中心威胁的消息后,两人持枪被捕,NBC 10费城, 11月6日, 2020, http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/two-arrested-after-police-get-tip-of-convention-center-threat/2587411. 这两人被释放,随后参加了1月6日的国会集会. 两名男子在费城会议中心附近被捕,参加国会集会后被送回监狱,Fox 29费城电视台, 1月26日, 2021, http://www.fox29.com/news/2-men-sent-back-to-jail-after-capitol-rally-attendance-1. -
footnote5_3um3ezi
5
Marin,“共和党反叛者”阿尔•施密特.” -
footnote6_adriyzx
6
詹姆斯·维里尼说:“他想要计算费城的每一张选票. 他的党有其他想法。” 纽约时报, 2021年1月16日, http://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/magazine/trump-election-philadelphia-republican.html. -
footnote7_5sq9r8u
7
“他想要清点每一张选票.” -
footnote8_ohp0ydl
8
阿尔·施密特(市专员, 费城, PA), 选举官员遭到攻击, 布伦南中心, 2021年6月16日. -
footnote9_q23f258
9
“他想要清点每一张选票.” -
footnote10_nle6ofq
10
Riley Snyder,内华达州共和党投票谴责SOS Cegavske选民欺诈指控 内华达独立2021年4月10日, http://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-republicans-vote-to-censure-sos-cegavske-over-voter-fraud-allegations?twitter utm_source =&utm_medium =社会&utm_campaign =罗普; and Beth LeBlanc and Craig Mauger, 密歇根州共和党人寻求取代负责选举的共和党拉票员,” 底特律新闻2021年1月18日, http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/18/michigan-republicans-seek-replace-canvasser-who-certified-election/4202195001. -
footnote11_idxk4wf
11
S.B. 413年,89代. Assemb.,注册. 捐. (Iowa 2021)(制定) (imposing criminal penalties on election officials for proactively sending mail ballot applications to voters); and S.B. 0305年,第101条腿.,注册. 捐. (密歇根州. 2021) (imposing criminal penalties on election officials for 在推特或脸谱网等社交媒体平台上购买有关即将到来的选举的广告). 其他已经提出的对选举官员施加刑事和民事处罚的法案包括S.B. 7日,第87条腿.,注册. 捐. (特克斯. 2021) (making it a felony to give a ballot application to a voter who did not ask for one); H.B. 335年,第87条腿. (特克斯. 2021) (creating civil and criminal penalties for election officials who knowingly fail to cancel a noncitizen’s voter registration immediately upon receipt); and H.B. 2792年,第55条腿.,注册. 捐. (亚利桑那州. (规定向所有登记选民寄送选票为犯罪行为,最高可判处两年半监禁). 一般见劳伦斯·诺登, “保护美国民主不是犯罪:新法律可能使选举官员成为法律威尼斯真人,” 外交事务2021年4月7日, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-04-07/protecting-american-democracy-no-crime; Protect Democracy, Law Forward, and the States United Democracy Center, 民主危机正在形成:国家立法机构如何政治化, 一个不争的, 干涉选举管理, 2021年4月22日3-4日, http://protectdemocracy.org/update/protect-democracy-releases-report-on-election-interference-schemes-by-state-legislators; and Nathaniel Rakich, 不仅仅是乔治亚州,还有十几个州也在试图从地方选举官员手中夺走权力,” FiveThirtyEight, 4月. 13, 2021, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/its-not-just-georgia-more-than-a-dozen-other-states-are-trying-to-take-power-away-from-local-election-officials. -
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A new Georgia law replaces the elected secretary of 状态 as chair of the State Election Board with a chairperson appointed by the General Assembly and gives this reconstituted State Election Board the authority to suspend local election officials and appoint temporary replacements. S.B. 202年,156代. Assemb.,注册. 捐. (Ga. 2021)(制定). A new Arkansas law that the governor refused to sign because it amounted to “a takeover in the review of all elections” creates a process that allows the 状态 legislature to directly review election law complaints, and another new law requires that election complaints made to 数y election boards be sent to the State Board of Election Commissioners instead of 数y clerks or local prosecutors. 雷切尔·赫尔佐格《威尼斯真人》 阿肯色州民主党公报》2021年5月9日, http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/may/09/session-rolls-out-array-of-vote-laws. Kansas passed a law over the governor’s veto that prohibits the executive branch or courts from altering election laws and requires approval from the Legislative Coordinating Council prior to the secretary of 状态 entering into consent decrees with any court. H.B. 2332, 2021腿,Reg. 捐. (菅直人. 2021)(制定). Montana similarly passed a law that prevents the governor from changing election laws in an emergency without legislative approval. H.B. 429年,第67条腿.,注册. 捐. (蒙特. 2021)(制定). 看到一般Rakich, “It’s Not Just Georgia”; Katie Bernard, 尽管州长劳拉·凯利否决了,堪萨斯选举规则的修改还是成为了法律,” 堪萨斯城星报》2021年5月3日, http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article251135959.html; and Nathaniel Rakich and Elena Mejia, “Where Republicans Have Made It Harder to Vote (So Far),” FiveThirtyEight2021年5月11日, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/republicans-have-made-it-harder-to-vote-in-11-states-so-far. -
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纳森战略集团, 布伦南司法中心:地方选举官方调查,”4月7日, 2021, http://www.fannyleung.com/our-work/research-reports/local-election-officials-survey. -
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Fredreka Schouten和Kelly Mena, “高调的选举官员在动荡的2020年离职,“CNN, 2月19日, 2021, http://www.美国有线电视Press网.com/2021/02/19/politics/election-officials-lose-and-leave-jobs/index.html. -
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格朗克, 保罗·曼森, 和希瑟河, “了解今日地方选举官员的职业历程及预测明日可能出现的人才短缺。,“民主基金, 4月20日, 2021, http://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage.